This questioning, in turn, leads to a revolution that he termed “paradigm shift.” Kuhn based his model on the classic paradigm shifts in physics - the Copernian, Newtonian, and Einsteinian revolutions the development of quantum mechanics and Roentgen’s accidental discovery of X-rays, one of the great unanticipated anomalies in the history of science. True breakthroughs, he argued, arise in a different way - when the discovery of anomalies leads scientists to question the paradigm. Kuhn’s great insight was to realize that real progress did not result from the daily puzzle-solving of normal science. Kuhn referred to this traditional approach as “normal science,” and he used the then-obscure word “paradigm” to refer to the shared concepts that guide the members of a scientific field. Prior to Kuhn’s 1962 book, historians and philosophers considered science to be a rational endeavor in which knowledge is achieved through painstaking, day-to-day accumulation of data, facts, and minor discoveries. This book introduced the world to “paradigms” and “paradigm shifts” - two of the most misused, overused, and abused words in the world today. This year marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of a highly influential book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by the physicist Thomas Kuhn (1). Paradigm shifts in science: Insights from the artists
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